Published: 2014-02-26 years Updated: 2021-08-30
Author: Thomas C. Weiss | Contact: Disabled-World.com
Peer-reviewed publications: N / A
Move in: Main announcement | Publications
Summary: Information regarding the different types of common infectious Enteroviruses and their possible health effects. Enteroviruses are extremely contagious and also very common viruses. Viruses are divided into two main categories; non-polio and polio. Although polio has been eradicated in the US, it is still present around the world today. Poliovirus is a highly contagious viral disease that can attack a person’s central nervous system and is characterized by symptoms ranging from mild, non-paralytic infection to complete paralysis within hours.
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Main announcement
- Enterovirus
- A genus of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses implicated in a number of human and mammalian diseases. Enteroviruses affect millions of people around the world each year, and are commonly found in respiratory secretions (eg, saliva, sputum, or nasal mucus) and stools of sick people. Treatment of enteric viral infections is mainly supportive. In case of pleural effusion, treat with analgesics to relieve the severe pain that occurs to the patient; In some severe cases, opiates may be needed. Treatment of aseptic meningitis caused by enteroviruses is also mainly symptomatic. In patients with enteric viral heart disease, treatment includes prevention and treatment of complications, such as arrhythmias, pericardial effusion, and heart failure. Other treatments that have been studied for enteric viral heart disease include intravenous immunoglobulins.
Enteroviruses are extremely contagious and also very common viruses. Viruses are divided into two main categories; non-polio and polio. Although polio has been eradicated in the US, it is still present around the world today. Symptoms of enterovirus vary widely from person to person.
Enterovirus is not polio
Viruses other than polio include some viruses. Viruses have the potential to affect a person’s health in a number of ways. These viruses include:
- Coxsackie A
- Coxsackie RED
- Echovirus
- Enteroviruses are numbered
Between 2002 and 2004, echovirus 9 and 30 were the most commonly reported enterovirus serotypes in the US. In 2007 coxsackie B1 was reported to be common and in 2008 coxsackie B1 and B4 were also reported to be common.
Coxsackievirus
As with other enteroviruses, the most common illness is a flu-like illness — even during outbreaks. Coxsackievirus; however, are known to regenerate in one’s pharynx, heart muscle, skin, meninges, and pancreas. They can also involve a person:
- Liver
- Lung
- Pleura
- Pancreas
- Adrenals
The coxsackieviruses were initially classified into two main groups – A and B, based on the nature of the disease caused in mice, with Group B causing more severe symptoms. The following is a description of Group A and B coxsackieviruses.
Coxsackievirus A: There are 21 types of group A coxsackievirus. The virus can cause hand, foot and mouth disease (HFM), flaccid paralysis, herpangina, hepatitis, and hemorrhagic conjunctivitis.
Coxsackievirus B: There are 6 group B coxsackieviruses. The virus can cause spastic paralysis and has been associated with pleural effusions, pleurisy, pericarditis, myocarditis, incompetent meningitis, and inflammation. meningitis, juvenile diabetes, pancreatitis, and cardiac arrhythmias.
Echovirus
There are 33 echoviruses. ‘Echo,’ was originally an acronym for the ‘gut cell orphan,’ virus. Orphan virus means the virus is not associated with any known disease. Although echovirus is now associated with a number of different diseases, the original name is still used.
Echovirus has the ability to reproduce in a person’s liver, called ‘hepatic necrosis’, a person’s skin is called, ‘viral peripheral,’ meninges are called, ‘aseptic meningitis’, lungs of a person, as well as in the adrenal glands. There are also at least five enteroviruses numbered EV 68-71 and EV 73. These viruses have also been implicated in many diseases.
Enterovirus 71 . infection
Infection with Enterovirus 71 may be asymptomatic, or may cause rash, diarrhea, and hand, foot and mouth disease. Enterovirus 71 is notable for its etiological role in severe childhood neurological disease outbreaks. In 1997, in both Japan and Malaysia, and again in 1998 in Taiwan, there was an outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease causing sudden death of children. In 2008, China experienced a deadly outbreak of Enterovirus 71; More than 30,000 people were infected and at least 32 people died.
Poliovirus
Polioviruses are a group of enteroviruses that cause polio, also known as ‘infant paralysis’ or ‘polio’. Poliovirus is a highly contagious viral disease that can attack a person’s central nervous system and is characterized by symptoms ranging from mild, non-paralytic infection to complete paralysis within hours. It’s important to note that most poliovirus infections are asymptomatic – as with all enterovirus infections. There are types of polio that can be caused by an infection; abortion, non-paralysis, and paralysis.
Abortion polio: Abortion polio has symptoms similar to those of other viral infections, including fever, sore throat, headache, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and vomiting. Neurological symptoms are not usually something people report experiencing.
Non-paralytic polio: The symptoms of non-paralytic polio are similar to those of aborted polio, but more intense. People have reported stiffness of the posterior muscles in their neck, limbs, and trunk.
Polio: Symptoms of polio are similar to those of non-paralytic polio, involving weakness of one or more of a person’s muscle groups. Exercise increases the severity of polio, especially during the first three days of severe illness. Intramuscular injection or musculoskeletal trauma tends to localize poliomyelitis to that extreme, something known as, ‘provocative myelitis.’
Spinal palsy: People experience a prolonged ‘pre-symptom’, with features of aseptic meningitis, followed by weakness and finally paralysis for a day or two.
Encephalitis: Encephalitis has mainly been reported in children. Unlike other forms of polio, convulsive activity is common and paralysis can be spastic.
Bulbar Polio: Involves cranial nerves, most commonly IX, X and XII. Tonsillectomy increases the risk of bulbar palsy. People find themselves unable to swallow fluently and accumulate secretions in the oropharynx. They have noses, ‘whisper’ to their voices and develop paralysis of their vocal cords causing hoarseness, loss of voice and eventually – asphyxiation.
Unfortunately, there is no cure for polio. Fortunately, it can be prevented. The polio vaccine, given multiple times, can protect a child for life.
Global Polio Eradication Initiative
Overall, in the time since the Global Polio Eradication Initiative began, the number of people experiencing a form of polio has decreased by more than ninety-nine percent. In 2008, there were only four countries in the world where polio was endemic. In 1994, the World Health Organization (WHO) Region of the Americas, comprising thirty-six countries, was certified polio-free, followed by the WHO Western Pacific Region comprising thirty-six countries. seven countries including China in 2000 and the WHO European Region comprising fifty-one countries in 2002.
In 2007, more than four hundred million children were immunized in 27 countries in one hundred and sixty-four additional immunization activities. On a global scale, polio surveillance is at an all-time high. Areas of persistent polio transmission in northern India, northern Nigeria, and on the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan are the main epidemiological challenges.
Author credentials:
Thomas C. Weiss is a researcher and editor for Disabled World. Thomas attended college and university courses for a Master’s, Bachelor’s and two Associate’s degrees, as well as studying Disability Studies. As a Nursing Assistant, Thomas has supported people of many racial, religious, gender, class and age groups by providing care to people with all forms of disabilities. disability from Multiple Sclerosis to Parkinson’s; paralysis and quadriplegia for spina bifida.
Disability World is an independent disability community founded in 2004 to provide disability news and information to people with disabilities, seniors, their families and/or carers. . Check out our homepage for helpful news, reviews, sports, stories and guides. You can also connect with us on Twitter and Facebook or learn more about Disability World on our about us page.
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Disability World provides general information only. The documents presented are never meant to be a substitute for the professional medical care of a qualified physician, and they should not be construed as such. Financial assistance is obtained from advertisements or referral programs, if specified. Any 3rd party offers or advertisements do not constitute an endorsement.
• Citation of this Page (APA): Thomas C. Weiss. (2014, February 26). Enterovirus: Polio and Non-Paralyzed. The world of people with disabilities. Accessed October 28, 2022 from www.disabled-world.com/health/enteroviruses.php
• Permalinks: Enteroviruses: Polio and Non-Polio
